> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://linux-tutorial-cli.gitbook.io/linux-cli-tutorial/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://linux-tutorial-cli.gitbook.io/linux-cli-tutorial/lpic-1/lpic-1-exam-101-101-500-exam.md). # LPIC-1 Exam 101 (101-500) Exam ### 1- Which SysV init configuration file should be modified to disable the ctrl-alt-delete key combination? * A. /etc/keys * B. /proc/keys * C. /etc/inittab * D. /proc/inittab * E. /etc/reboot ### 2- Which of the following information is stored within the BIOS? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. Boot device order * B. Linux kernel version * C. Timezone * D. Hardware configuration - E. The system's hostname ### 3- Which of the following commands reboots the system when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. shutdown -r now * B. shutdown -r "rebooting" * C. telinit 6 * D. telinit 0 * E. shutdown -k now "rebooting" ### 4- Which of the following are init systems used within Linux systems? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. startd * B. systemd * C. Upstart * D. SysInit * E. SysV init ### 5- SIMULATION Which file in the /proc filesystem lists parameters passed from the bootloader to the kernel? (Specify the file name only without any path.) ### 6- What information can the lspci command display about the system hardware? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. Device IRQ settings * B. PCI bus speed * C. System battery type * D. Device vendor identification - E. Ethernet MAC address ### 7- Which of the following commands brings a system running SysV init into a state in which it is safe to perform maintenance tasks? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. shutdown -R 1 now * B. shutdown -single now * C. init 1 * D. telinit 1 * E. runlevel 1 ### 8- What is the first program that is usually started, at boot time, by the Linux kernel when using SysV init? * A. /lib/init.so * B. /sbin/init * C. /etc/r- C.d/rcinit * D. /proc/sys/kernel/init * E. /boot/init ### 9- SIMULATION Which command will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence? ### ANSWERS: 1 Correct Answer: C 2 Correct Answer: AD 3 Correct Answer: AC 4 Correct Answer: BCE Section: System Architecture Explanation 5 Correct Answer: cmdline -or- /proc/cmdline 6 Correct Answer: ABD Section: System Architecture Explanation 7 Correct Answer: CD 8 Correct Answer: B 9 Correct Answer: dmesg -or- /bin/dmesg Section: System Architecture Explanation ### 10- Which of the following commands will write a message to the terminals of all logged in users? * A. bcast * B. mesg * C. print * D. wall * E. yell ### 11- Which of the following kernel parameters instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages? * A. silent * B. verbose=0 * C. nomesg * D. quiet ### 12- Which of the following options for the kernel's command line changes the systemd boot target to rescu- E.target instead of the default target? * A. system- D.target=rescu- E.target * B. system- D.runlevel=rescu- E.target * C. system- D.service=rescu- E.target * D. system- D.default=rescu- E.target * E. system- D.unit=rescu- E.target ### 13- After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, which command must be run for the changes to take effect? * A. kill -HUP $(pidof grub) * B. grub-install * C. grub * D. No action is required ### 14- Which of the following commands is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management? * A. apt-get update * B. apt-get upgrade * C. apt-cache update * D. apt-get refresh * E. apt-cache upgrade ### 15- Which of the following commands can be used to download the RPM package kernel without installing it? * A. yum download --no-install kernel * B. yumdownloader kernel * C. rpm --download --package kernel * D. rpmdownload kernel ### 16- When using rpm --verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, which of the following information is taken into consideration? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. Timestamps * B. MD5 checksums * C. Inodes * D. File sizes * E. GnuPG signatures ### 17- Which of the following is correct when talking about mount points? * A. Every existing directory can be used as a mount point. * B. Only empty directories can be used as a mount point. * C. Directories need to have the SetUID flag set to be used as a mount point. * D. Files within a directory are deleted when the directory is used as a mount point. ### 18- Which function key is used to start Safe Mode in Windows NT? * A. F10 * B. F8 * C. F6 * D. Windows NT does not support Safe Mode ### 19- Which of the following environment variables overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries? * A. LD\_LOAD\_PATH * B. LD\_LIB\_PATH * C. LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH * D. LD\_SHARE\_PATH * E. LD\_RUN\_PATH ### ANSWERS: 10 Correct Answer: D 11 Correct Answer: D 12 Correct Answer: E 13 Correct Answer: D 14 Correct Answer: A 15 Correct Answer: B 16 Correct Answer: ABD 17 Correct Answer: A 18 Correct Answer: D 19 Correct Answer: C ### 20- SIMULATION Which world-writable directory should be placed on a separate partition in order to prevent users from being able to fill up the / filesystem? (Specify the full path to the directory.) ### 21- Which RPM command will output the name of the package which supplied the file /etc/exports? * A. rpm -F /etc/exports * B. rpm -qf /etc/exports * C. rpm -Kl /etc/exports * D. rpm -qp /etc/exports * E. rpm -qi /etc/exports ### 22- SIMULATION In which directory must definition files be placed to add additional repositories to yum? ### 23- SIMULATION What is the name of the main configuration file for GNU GRUB? (Specify the file name only without any path.) ### 24- When removing a package, which of the following dpkg options will completely remove the files including configuration files? * A. --clean * B. --delete * C. --purge * D. remove ### 25- Which file should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded? * A. /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg * B. /etc/apt/apt.conf * C. /etc/apt/apt.conf.d * D. /etc/apt/sources.list * E. /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg ### 26- SIMULATION Which option to the yum command will update the entire system? (Specify ONLY the option name without any additional parameters.) ### 27- SIMULATION Which command will disable swapping on a device? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 28- SIMULATION Which Debian package management tool asks the configuration ##s for a specific already installed package just as if the package were being installed for the first time? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 29- Which of the following commands overwrites the bootloader located on /dev/sda without overwriting the partition table or any data following it? * A. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 * B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 * C. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1 * D. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 ### ANSWERS: 20 Correct Answer: /tmp -or- tmp -or- /var/tmp -or- /tmp/ -or- /var/tmp/ Section: Linux Installation and Package Management Explanatio 21 Correct Answer: B 22 Correct Answer: /etc/yum.repos.d -or- /etc/yum.repos.d/ -or- yum.repos.d -or- yum.repos.d/ 23 Correct Answer: menu.lst -or- gru- B.conf -or- gru- B.cfg Section: Linux Installation and Package Management Explanatio 24 Correct Answer: C 25 Correct Answer: D 26 Correct Answer: update -or- upgrade 27 Correct Answer: swapoff -or- /sbin/swapoff 28 Correct Answer: dpkg-reconfigure 29 Correct Answer: C ### 30- Which of the following commands can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image? * A. gdisk * B. dd * C. cc * D. fdisk * E. mount ### 31- In Bash, inserting 1>&2 after a command redirects * A. standard error to standard input. * B. standard input to standard error. * C. standard output to standard error. * D. standard error to standard output. * E. standard output to standard input. ### 32- What command will generate a list of user names from /etc/passwd along with their login shell? * A. column -s : 1,7 /etc/passwd * B. chop -c 1,7 /etc/passwd * C. colrm 1,7 /etc/passwd * D. cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd ### 33- In a nested directory structure, which find command line option would be used to restrict the command to searching down a particular number of subdirectories? * A. -dirmax * B. -maxdepth * C. -maxlevels * D. -n * E. -s ### 34- Which of the following statements is correct regarding the command foo 1> bar? * A. The stdout from the command foo is appended to the file bar. * B. The stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar. * C. The command foo receives its stdin from the file bar. * D. The command foo receives its stdin from the stdout of the command bar. * E. The stderr from the command foo is saved to the file bar. ### 35- Which of the following commands kills the process with the PID 123 but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting? * A. kill -PIPE 123 * B. kill -KILL 123 * C. kill -STOP 123 * D. kill -TERM 123 ### 36- SIMULATION Which signal is missing from the following command that is commonly used to instruct a daemon to reinitialize itself, including reading configuration files? ### 37- What is the maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process? * A. 9 * B. 19 * C. 49 * D. 99 ### 38- Immediately after deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, which single character command will insert the deleted content below the current line? * A. i (lowercase) * B. P (uppercase) * C. p (lowercase) * D. U (uppercase) * E. u (lowercase) ### 39- A user accidentally created the subdirectory \dir in his home directory. Which of the following commands will remove that directory? * A. rmdir '\~/\dir' * B. rmdir "\~/\dir" * C. rmdir \~/'dir' * D. rmdir \~/\dir * E. rmdir \~/\dir ### ANSWERS: 30 Correct Answer: B 31 Correct Answer: C 32 Correct Answer: D 33 Correct Answer: B 34 Correct Answer: B 35 Correct Answer: D 36 Correct Answer: HUP -or- SIGHUP -or- 1 Section: GNU and Unix Commands Explanation 37 Correct Answer: B 38 Correct Answer: C 39 Correct Answer: E ### 40- In compliance with the FHS, in which of the directories are man pages found? * A. /usr/share/man * B. /opt/man * C. /usr/doc/ * D. /var/pkg/man * E. /var/man ### 41- Which of the following commands will send output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log? * A. cat < myapp | cat > file1.log * B. myapp 0>&1 | cat > file1.log * C. myapp | cat > file1.log * D. myapp | tee file1.log * E. tee myapp file1.log ### 42- What is the purpose of the Bash built-in export command? * A. It allows disks to be mounted remotely. * B. It runs a command as a process in a subshell. * C. It makes the command history available to subshells. * D. It sets up environment variables for applications. * E. It shares NFS partitions for use by other systems on the network. ### 43- What is the output of the following command? echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou * A. Hello World * B. eoo * C. Hll Wrld * D. eoo Hll Wrld ### 44- Which of the following characters can be combined with a separator string in order to read from the current input source until the separator string, which is on a separate line and without any trailing spaces, is reached? * A. << * B. <| * C. !< * D. &< ### 45- Which of the following commands will NOT update the modify timestamp on the file /tmp/myfil- E.txt? * A. file /tmp/myfil- E.txt * B. echo "Hello" >/tmp/myfil- E.txt * C. sed -ie "s/1/2/" /tmp/myfil- E.txt * D. echo -n "Hello" >>/tmp/myfil- E.txt * E. touch /tmp/myfil- E.txt ### 46- What is the default nice level when a process is started using the nice command? * A. -10 * B. 10 * C. 20 * D. 0 ### 47- What is the default action of the split command on an input file? * A. It will break the file into new files of 1,024 byte pieces each. * B. It will break the file into new files of 1,000 line pieces each. * C. It will break the file into new files of 1,024 kilobyte pieces each. * D. It will break the file into new files that are no more than 5% of the size of the original fil- E. ### 48- What is the difference between the i and a commands of the vi editor? * A. i (interactive) requires the user to explicitly switch between vi modes whereas a (automatic) switches modes automatically. * B. i (insert) inserts text before the current cursor position whereas a (append) inserts text after the cursor. * C. i (independent rows) starts every new line at the first character whereas a (aligned rows) keeps the indentation of the previous lin- E. * D. i (interrupt) temporarily suspends editing of a file to the background whereas a (abort) terminates editing. ### 49- SIMULATION Which command displays a list of all background tasks running in the current shell? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### ANSWERS: 40 Correct Answer: A 41 Correct Answer: D 42 Correct Answer: D 43 Correct Answer: C 44 Correct Answer: A 45 Correct Answer: A 46 Correct Answer: B 47 Correct Answer: B 48 Correct Answer: B 49 Correct Answer: jobs ### 50- Which of the following commands moves and resumes in the background the last stopped shell job? * A. run * B. bg * C. fg * D. back ### 51- What is the effect of the egrep command when the -v option is used? * A. It enables color to highlight matching parts. * B. It only outputs non-matching lines. * C. It shows the command's version information. * D. It changes the output order showing the last matching line first. ### 52- What does the ? symbol within regular expressions represent? * A. Match the preceding qualifier one or more times. * B. Match the preceding qualifier zero or more times. * C. Match the preceding qualifier zero or one times. * D. Match a literal ? character. ### 53- In the vi editor, how can commands such as moving the cursor or copying lines into the buffer be issued multiple times or applied to multiple rows? * A. By using the command :repeat followed by the number and the comman- D. * B. By specifying the number right in front of a command such as 4l or 2yj. * C. By selecting all affected lines using the shift and cursor keys before applying the comman- D. * D. By issuing a command such as :set repetition=4 which repeats every subsequent command 4 times. ### 54- Which of the following files, located in the user home directory, is used to store the Bash history? * A. .bash\_history * B. .bash\_histfile * C. .history * D. .bashrc\_history * E. .history\_bash ### 55- SIMULATION Which Bash environment variable defines in which file the user history is stored when exiting a Bash process? (Specify ONLY the variable nam- E.) ### 56- Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive? * A. gzip archiv- E.tgz | tar xvf - * B. tar ztf archiv- E.tgz * C. gzip -d archiv- E.tgz | tar tvf - * D. tar cf archiv- E.tgz ### 57- Which grep command will print only the lines that do not end with a / in the file foo? * A. grep '/$' foo * B. grep '/#' foo * C. grep -v '/$' foo * D. grep -v '/#' foo ### 58- Which of the following commands is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash? * A. history * B. set * C. bashconf * D. setsh * E. envsetup ### 59- Which of the following commands replaces each occurrence of 'bob' in the file letter with 'Bob' and writes the result to the file newletter? * A. sed '/bob/Bob' letter > newletter * B. sed s/bob/Bob/ letter < newletter * C. sed 's/bob/Bob' letter > newletter * D. sed 's/bob/Bob/g' letter > newletter * E. sed 's/bob, Bob/' letter > newletter ### ANSWERS: 50 Correct Answer: B 51 Correct Answer: B 52 Correct Answer: C 53 Correct Answer: B 54 Correct Answer: A 55 Correct Answer: HISTFILE 56 Correct Answer: B 57 Correct Answer: C 58 Correct Answer: B 59 Correct Answer: D ### 60- From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh without starting a subshell? (Please select TWO answers.) * A. source /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * B. . /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * C. /bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * D. /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * E. run /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh ### 61- Regarding the command: nice -5 /usr/bin/prog Which of the following statements is correct? * A. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of -5. * B. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of 5. * C. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of -5. * D. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of 5. ### 62- Which shell command is used to continue background execution of a suspended command? * A. & * B. bg * C. cont * D. exec * E. :& ### 63- Which of the following shell redirections will write standard output and standard error output to a file named filename? * A. 2>&1 >filename * B. >filename 2>&1 * C. 1>&2>filename * D. >>filename * E. 1&2>filename ### 64- In the vi editor, which of the following commands will copy the current line into the vi buffer? * A. c * B. cc * C. 1c * D. yy * E. 1y ### 65- Which of the following sequences in the vi editor saves the opened document and exits the editor? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. esc ZZ * B. ctrl :w! * C. esc zz * D. esc :wq! * E. ctrl XX ### 66- When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, which nice level is set for the resulting process? * A. -10 * B. 0 * C. 10 * D. 20 ### 67- Which of the following commands will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space? * A. tr '\s' ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * B. tr -c ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * C. tr -d ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * D. tr -r ' ' '\n' < - A.txt > - B.txt * E. tr -s ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt ### 68- Which character, added to the end of a command, runs that command in the background as a child process of the current shell? * A. ! * B. + * C. & * D. % * E. # ### 69- Which of the following commands will print the last 10 lines of a text file to the standard output? * A. cat -n 10 filename * B. dump -n 10 filename * C. head -n 10 filename * D. tail -n 10 filename ### ANSWERS: 60 Correct Answer: AB 61 Correct Answer: B 62 Correct Answer: B 63 Correct Answer: B 64 Correct Answer: D 65 Correct Answer: AD 66 Correct Answer: C 67 Correct Answer: E 68 Correct Answer: C 69 Correct Answer: D ### 70- Which of the following commands prints a list of usernames (first column) and their primary group (fourth column) from the /etc/passwd file? * A. fmt -f 1,4 /etc/passwd * B. split -c 1,4 /etc/passwd * C. cut -d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd * D. paste -f 1,4 /etc/passwd ### 71- Which of the following signals is sent to a process when the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard? * A. SIGTERM * B. SIGINT * C. SIGSTOP * D. SIGKILL ### 72- What happens after issuing the command vi without any additional parameters? * A. vi starts and loads the last file used and moves the cursor to the position where vi was when it last exite- D. - B. vi starts and requires the user to explicitly either create a new or load an existing fil- E. * C. vi exits with an error message as it cannot be invoked without a file name to operate on. * D. vi starts in command mode and opens a new empty fil- E. * E. vi starts and opens a new file which is filled with the content of the vi buffer if the buffer contains text. ### 73- Which of the following command sets the Bash variable named TEST with the content FOO? * A. set TEST="FOO" * B. TEST = "FOO" * C. var TEST="FOO" * D. TEST="FOO" ### 74- Which variable defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands? * A. BASHEXEC * B. BASHRC * C. PATH * D. EXECPATH * E. PATHRC ### 75- Which of the following commands determines the type of a file by using a definition database file which contains information about all common file types? * A. magic * B. type * C. file * D. pmagic * E. hash ### 76- SIMULATION Which command is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 77- Which of the following commands prints all files and directories within the /tmp directory or its subdirectories which are also owned by the user root? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. find /tmp -uid root -print * B. find -path /tmp -uid root * C. find /tmp -user root -print * D. find /tmp -user root * E. find -path /tmp -user root print ### 78- When running the command sed -e "s/a/b/" /tmp/file >/tmp/file While /tmp/file contains data, why is /tmp/file empty afterwards? * A. The file order is incorrect. The destination file must be mentioned before the command to ensure redirection. * B. The command sed did not match anything in that file therefore the output is empty. * C. When the shell establishes the redirection it overwrites the target file before the redirected command starts and opens it for reading. * D. Redirection for shell commands do not work using the > character. It only works using the | character instea- D. ### 79- When given the following command lin- E. echo "foo bar" | tee bar | cat Which of the following output is created? * A. cat * B. foo bar * C. tee bar * D. bar * E. foo ### ANSWERS: 70 Correct Answer: C 71 Correct Answer: B 72 Correct Answer: D 73 Correct Answer: D 74 Correct Answer: C 75 Correct Answer: C 76 Correct Answer: mkdir -or- /usr/bin/mkdir Section: GNU and Unix Commands Explanation 77 Correct Answer: CD 78 Correct Answer: C 79 Correct Answer: B ### 80- Which of the following commands can be used to determine how long the system has been running? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. uptime * B. up * C. top * D. uname -u * E. time up ### 81- Which of the following are valid stream redirection operators within Bash? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. < * B. <<< * C. > * D. >>> * E. %> ### 82- After successfully creating a hard link called bar to the ordinary file foo, foo is deleted from the filesystem. Which of the following describes the resulting situation? * A. foo and bar would both be remove- D. * B. foo would be removed while bar would remain accessibl- E. * C. foo would be remove- D. bar would still exist but would be unusabl- E. * D. Both foo and bar would remain accessibl- E. * E. The user is prompted whether bar should be removed, too. ### 83- After moving data to a new filesystem, how can the former path of the data be kept intact in order to avoid reconfiguration of existing applications? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. By creating an ACL redirection from the old to the new path of the dat- A. * B. By creating a hard link from the old to the new path of the dat- A. * C. By creating a symbolic link from the old to the new path of the dat- A. * D. By running the command touch on the old path. * E. By mounting the new filesystem on the original path of the dat- A. ### 84- Which of the following commands changes the ownership of fil- E.txt to the user dan and the group staff? * A. chown dan/staff fil- E.txt * B. chown dan:staff fil- E.txt * C. chown -u dan -g staff fil- E.txt * D. chown dan -g staff fil- E.txt ### 85- Which of the following commands makes /bin/foo executable by everyone but writable only by its owner? * A. chmod u=rwx,go=rx /bin/foo * B. chmod o+rwx,a+rx /bin/foo * C. chmod 577 /bin/foo * D. chmod 775 /bin/foo ### 86- Which of the following commands can be used to search for the executable file foo when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH? * A. apropos * B. which * C. find * D. query * E. whereis ### 87- What does the command mount -a do? * A. It ensures that all file systems listed with the option noauto in /etc/fstab are mounte- D. * B. It shows all mounted file systems that have been automatically mounte- D. * C. It opens an editor with root privileges and loads /etc/fstab for editing. * D. It ensures that all file systems listed with the option auto in /etc/fstab are mounte- D. * E. It ensures that all file systems listed in /etc/fstab are mounted regardless of their options. ### 88- Which of the following settings for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r----- ? * A. 0017 * B. 0640 * C. 0038 * D. 0027 ### 89- Which of the following is the device file name for the second partition on the only SCSI drive? * A. /dev/hda1 * B. /dev/sda2 * C. /dev/sd0a2 * D. /dev/sd1p2 ### 90- In order to display all currently mounted filesystems, which of the following commands could be used? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. cat /proc/self/mounts * B. free * C. mount * D. lsmounts * E. cat /proc/filesystems ### ANSWERS: 80 Correct Answer: AC 81 Correct Answer: ABC 82 Correct Answer: B 83 Correct Answer: CE 84 Correct Answer: B 85 Correct Answer: A 86 Correct Answer: C 87 Correct Answer: D 88 Correct Answer: D 89 Correct Answer: B ### 91- Which of the following commands can be used to locate programs and their corresponding man pages and configuration files? * A. dirname * B. which * C. basename * D. query * E. whereis ### 92- Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting? * A. tune2fs -d 200 /dev/sda1 * B. tune2fs -c 200 /dev/sda1 * C. tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1 * D. tune2fs -n 200 /dev/sda1 * E. tune2fs --days 200 /dev/sda1 ### 93- Which type of filesystem is created by mkfs when it is executed with the block device name only and without any additional parameters? * A. ext2 * B. ext3 * C. ext4 * D. XFS * E. VFAT ### 94- How many fields are in a syntactically correct line of /etc/fstab? * A. 3 * B. 4 * C. 5 * D. 6 * E. 7 ### 95- SIMULATION Which command is used to create and initialize the files used to store quota information? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 96- Which of the following file permissions belong to a symbolic link? * A. -rwxrwxrwx * B. +rwxrwxrwx * C. lrwxrwxrwx * D. srwxrwxrwx ### 97- Creating a hard link to an ordinary file returns an error. What could be the reason for this? * A. The source file is hidden. * B. The source file is read-only. * C. The source file is a shell script. * D. The source file is already a hard link. * E. The source and the target are on different filesystems. ### 98- Which of the following commands creates an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sdb1? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. /sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1 * B. /sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 * C. /sbin/mkfs -c ext3 /dev/sdb1 * D. /sbin/mke3fs -j /dev/sdb1 ### 99- Which of the following commands will change the quota for a specific user? * A. edquota * B. repquota * C. quota -e * D. quota ### 100- Which utility would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem? * A. mod2fs * B. fsck * C. tune2fs * D. mke2fs * E. fixe2fs ### 101- Which of the following Linux filesystems preallocates a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/creation time and does NOT generate them as needed? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. ext3 * B. JFS * C. ext2 * D. XFS * E. procfs ### 102- What is the purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard? * A. It is a security model used to ensure files are organized according to their permissions and accessibility. * B. It provides unified tools to create, maintain and manage multiple filesystems in a common way. * C. It defines a common internal structure of inodes for all compliant filesystems. * D. It is a distribution neutral description of locations of files and directories. ### ANSWERS: 90 Correct Answer: AC 91 Correct Answer: E 92 Correct Answer: C 93 Correct Answer: A 94 Correct Answer: D 95 Correct Answer: quotacheck 96 Correct Answer: C 97 Correct Answer: E 98 Correct Answer: AB 99 Correct Answer: A 100 Correct Answer: C 101 Correct Answer: AC 102 Correct Answer: D Exam A ### 1- Which of the following information is stored within the BIOS? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. Boot device order * B. Linux kernel version * C. Timezone * D. Hardware configuration * E. The system's hostname ### 2- Which of the following commands reboots the system when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. shutdown -r now * B. shutdown -r "rebooting" * C. telinit 6 * D. telinit 0 * E. shutdown -k now "rebooting" ### 3- Which of the following are init systems used within Linux systems? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. startd * B. systemd * C. Upstart * D. SysInit * E. SysV init ### 4- SIMULATION Which file in the /proc filesystem lists parameters passed from the bootloader to the kernel? (Specify the file name only without any path.) ### 5- What information can the lspci command display about the system hardware? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. Device IRQ settings * B. PCI bus speed * C. System battery type * D. Device vendor identification * E. Ethernet MAC address ### 6- Which of the following commands brings a system running SysV init into a state in which it is safe to perform maintenance tasks? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. shutdown -R 1 now * B. shutdown -single now * C. init 1 * D. telinit 1 * E. runlevel 1 ### 7- What is the first program that is usually started, at boot time, by the Linux kernel when using SysV init? * A. /lib/init.so * B. /sbin/init * C. /etc/r- C.d/rcinit * D. /proc/sys/kernel/init * E. /boot/init ### 8- SIMULATION Which command will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence? ### 9- Which of the following commands will write a message to the terminals of all logged in users? * A. bcast * B. mesg * C. print * D. wall * E. yell ### 10- Which of the following kernel parameters instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages? * A. silent * B. verbose=0 * C. nomesg * D. quiet ### ANSWERS: 1 Correct Answer: AD 2 Correct Answer: AC 3 Correct Answer: BCE Section: System Architecture Explanation 4 Correct Answer: cmdline, /proc/cmdline Section: System Architecture Explanation 5 Correct Answer: ABD Section: System Architecture Explanation 6 Correct Answer: CD 7 Correct Answer: B 8 Correct Answer: dmesg, /bin/dmesg Section: System Architecture Explanation 9 Correct Answer: D 10 Correct Answer: D ### 11- Which of the following options for the kernel's command line changes the systemd boot target to rescu- E.target instead of the default target? * A. system- D.target=rescu- E.target * B. system- D.runlevel=rescu- E.target * C. system- D.service=rescu- E.target * D. system- D.default=rescu- E.target * E. system- D.unit=rescu- E.target ### 12- After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, which command must be run for the changes to take effect? * A. kill -HUP $(pidof grub) * B. grub-install * C. grub * D. No action is required ### 13- Which of the following commands is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management? * A. apt-get update * B. apt-get upgrade * C. apt-cache update * D. apt-get refresh * E. apt-cache upgrade ### 14- Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of a given dpkg package? * A. apt-cache depends-on package * B. apt-cache dependencies package * C. apt-cache depends package * D. apt-cache requires package ### 15- Which of the following options is used in a GRUB Legacy configuration file to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user? * A. hidemenu * B. splash * C. timeout * D. showmenu ### 16- What can the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) be used for? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. To create RAID 9 arrays. * B. To dynamically change the size of logical volumes. * C. To encrypt logical volumes. * D. To create snapshots. * E. To dynamically create or delete logical volumes. ### 17- Which of the following commands updates the linker cache of shared libraries? * A. mkcache * B. soconfig * C. mkldconfig * D. lddconfig * E. ldconfig ### 18- Which of the following commands lists all currently installed packages when using RPM package management? * A. yum --query --all * B. yum --list --installed * C. rpm --query --all * D. rpm --list installed ### 19- Which of the following commands can be used to download the RPM package kernel without installing it? * A. yum download --no-install kernel * B. yumdownloader kernel * C. rpm --download --package kernel * D. rpmdownload kernel ### 20- When using rpm --verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, which of the following information is taken into consideration? (Choose THREE correct answers.) * A. Timestamps * B. MD5 checksums * C. Inodes * D. File sizes * E. GnuPG signatures ### ANSWERS: 11 Correct Answer: E 12 Correct Answer: D 13 Correct Answer: A 14 Correct Answer: C 15 Correct Answer: C 16 Correct Answer: BDE 17 Correct Answer: E 18 Correct Answer: C 19 Correct Answer: B 20 Correct Answer: ABD ### 21- Which RPM command will output the name of the package which supplied the file /etc/exports? * A. rpm -F /etc/exports * B. rpm -qf /etc/exports * C. rpm -Kl /etc/exports * D. rpm -qp /etc/exports * E. rpm -qi /etc/exports ### 22- SIMULATION In which directory must definition files be placed to add additional repositories to yum? ### 23- SIMULATION What is the name of the main configuration file for GNU GRUB? (Specify the file name only without any path.) ### 24- When removing a package, which of the following dpkg options will completely remove the files including configuration files? * A. --clean * B. --delete * C. --purge * D. remove ### 25- Which file should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded? * A. /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg * B. /etc/apt/apt.conf * C. /etc/apt/apt.conf.d * D. /etc/apt/sources.list * E. /etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg ### 26- SIMULATION Which option to the yum command will update the entire system? (Specify ONLY the option name without any additional parameters.) ### 27- SIMULATION Which command will disable swapping on a device? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 28- SIMULATION Which Debian package management tool asks the configuration ##s for a specific already installed package just as if the package were being installed for the first time? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 29- Which of the following commands overwrites the bootloader located on /dev/sda without overwriting the partition table or any data following it? * A. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 * B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 * C. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1 * D. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 ### 30- Which of the following commands can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image? * A. gdisk * B. dd * C. cc * D. fdisk * E. mount ### ANSWERS: 21 Correct Answer: B 22 Correct Answer: /etc/yum.repos.d, /etc/yum.repos.d/, yum.repos.d, yum.repos.d/ 23 Correct Answer: menu.lst, gru- B.conf, gru- B.cfg 24 Correct Answer: C 25 Correct Answer: D 26 Correct Answer: update, upgrade 27 Correct Answer: swapoff, /sbin/swapoff 28 Correct Answer: dpkg-reconfigure 29 Correct Answer: C 30 Correct Answer: B ### 31- In Bash, inserting 1>&2 after a command redirects * A. standard error to standard input. * B. standard input to standard error. * C. standard output to standard error. * D. standard error to standard output. * E. standard output to standard input. ### 32- What command will generate a list of user names from /etc/passwd along with their login shell? * A. column -s : 1,7 /etc/passwd * B. chop -c 1,7 /etc/passwd * C. colrm 1,7 /etc/passwd * D. cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd ### 33- In a nested directory structure, which find command line option would be used to restrict the command to searching down a particular number of subdirectories? * A. -dirmax * B. -maxdepth * C. -maxlevels * D. -n * E. -s ### 34- Which of the following statements is correct regarding the command foo 1> bar? * A. The stdout from the command foo is appended to the file bar. * B. The stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar. * C. The command foo receives its stdin from the file bar. * D. The command foo receives its stdin from the stdout of the command bar. * E. The stderr from the command foo is saved to the file bar. ### 35- Which of the following commands kills the process with the PID 123 but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting? * A. kill -PIPE 123 * B. kill -KILL 123 * C. kill -STOP 123 * D. kill -TERM 123 ### 36- SIMULATION Which signal is missing from the following command that is commonly used to instruct a daemon to reinitialize itself, including reading configuration files? killall -s daemon ### 37- What is the maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process? * A. 9 * B. 19 * C. 49 * D. 99 ### 38- Immediately after deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, which single character command will insert the deleted content below the current line? * A. i (lowercase) * B. P (uppercase) * C. p (lowercase) * D. U (uppercase) * E. u (lowercase) ### 39- A user accidentally created the subdirectory \dir in his home directory. Which of the following commands will remove that directory? * A. rmdir '\~/\dir' * B. rmdir "\~/\dir" * C. rmdir \~/'dir' * D. rmdir \~/\dir * E. rmdir \~/\dir ### 40- In compliance with the FHS, in which of the directories are man pages found? * A. /usr/share/man * B. /opt/man * C. /usr/doc/ * D. /var/pkg/man * E. /var/man ### ANSWERS: 31 Correct Answer: C 32 Correct Answer: D 33 Correct Answer: B 34 Correct Answer: B 35 Correct Answer: D 36 Correct Answer: HUP, SIGHUP, 1 Section: GNU and Unix Commands Explanation 37 Correct Answer: B 38 Correct Answer: C 39 Correct Answer: E 40 Correct Answer: A ### 41- Which of the following commands will send output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log? * A. cat < myapp | cat > file1.log * B. myapp 0>&1 | cat > file1.log * C. myapp | cat > file1.log * D. myapp | tee file1.log * E. tee myapp file1.log ### 42- What is the purpose of the Bash built-in export command? * A. It allows disks to be mounted remotely. * B. It runs a command as a process in a subshell. * C. It makes the command history available to subshells. * D. It sets up environment variables for applications. * E. It shares NFS partitions for use by other systems on the network. ### 43- What is the output of the following command? echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou * A. Hello World * B. eoo * C. Hll Wrld * D. eoo Hll Wrld ### 44- Which of the following characters can be combined with a separator string in order to read from the current input source until the separator string, which is on a separate line and without any trailing spaces, is reached? * A. << * B. <| * C. !< * D. &< ### 45- In the vi editor, how can commands such as moving the cursor or copying lines into the buffer be issued multiple times or applied to multiple rows? * A. By using the command :repeat followed by the number and the comman- D. * B. By specifying the number right in front of a command such as 4l or 2yj. * C. By selecting all affected lines using the shift and cursor keys before applying the comman- D. * D. By issuing a command such as :set repetition=4 which repeats every subsequent command 4 times. ### 46- Which of the following files, located in the user home directory, is used to store the Bash history? * A. .bash\_history * B. .bash\_histfile * C. .history * D. .bashrc\_history * E. .history\_bash ### 47- SIMULATION Which Bash environment variable defines in which file the user history is stored when exiting a Bash process? (Specify ONLY the variable nam- E.) ### 48- Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive? * A. gzip archiv- E.tgz | tar xvf - * B. tar ztf archiv- E.tgz * C. gzip -d archiv- E.tgz | tar tvf - * D. tar cf archiv- E.tgz ### 49- Which grep command will print only the lines that do not end with a / in the file foo? * A. grep '/$' foo * B. grep '/#' foo * C. grep -v '/$' foo * D. grep -v '/#' foo ### ANSWERS: 41 Correct Answer: D 42 Correct Answer: D 43 Correct Answer: C 44 Correct Answer: A 45 Correct Answer: B 46 Correct Answer: A 47 Correct Answer: HISTFILE 48 Correct Answer: B 49 Correct Answer: C ### 50- Which of the following commands is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash? * A. history * B. set * C. bashconf * D. setsh * E. envsetup ### 51- Which of the following commands replaces each occurrence of 'bob' in the file letter with 'Bob' and writes the result to the file newletter? * A. sed '/bob/Bob' letter > newletter * B. sed s/bob/Bob/ letter < newletter * C. sed 's/bob/Bob' letter > newletter * D. sed 's/bob/Bob/g' letter > newletter * E. sed 's/bob, Bob/' letter > newletter ### 52- From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/ bin/runm- E.sh without starting a subshell? (Please select TWO answers.) * A. source /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * B. . /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * C. /bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * D. /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh * E. run /usr/local/bin/runm- E.sh ### 53- Regarding the command: nice -5 /usr/bin/prog Which of the following statements is correct? * A. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of -5. * B. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of 5. * C. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of -5. * D. /usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of 5. ### 54- Which shell command is used to continue background execution of a suspended command? * A. & * B. bg * C. cont * D. exec * E. :& ### 55- Which of the following shell redirections will write standard output and standard error output to a file named filename? * A. 2>&1 >filename * B. >filename 2>&1 * C. 1>&2>filename * D. >>filename * E. 1&2>filename ### 56- In the vi editor, which of the following commands will copy the current line into the vi buffer? * A. c * B. cc * C. 1c * D. yy * E. 1y ### 57- Which of the following sequences in the vi editor saves the opened document and exits the editor? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. esc ZZ * B. ctrl :w! * C. esc zz * D. esc :wq! * E. ctrl XX ### 58- When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, which nice level is set for the resulting process? * A. -10 * B. 0 * C. 10 * D. 20 ### 59- Which of the following commands will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space? * A. tr '\s' ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * B. tr -c ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * C. tr -d ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt * D. tr -r ' ' '\n' < - A.txt > - B.txt * E. tr -s ' ' < - A.txt > - B.txt ### ANSWERS: 50 Correct Answer: B 51 Correct Answer: D 52 Correct Answer: AB 53 Correct Answer: B 54 Correct Answer: B 55 Correct Answer: B 56 Correct Answer: D 57 Correct Answer: AD 58 Correct Answer: C 59 Correct Answer: E ### 60- Which character, added to the end of a command, runs that command in the background as a child process of the current shell? * A. ! * B. + * C. & * D. % * E. # ### 61- Which of the following commands will print the last 10 lines of a text file to the standard output? * A. cat -n 10 filename * B. dump -n 10 filename * C. head -n 10 filename * D. tail -n 10 filename ### 62- Which of the following commands prints a list of usernames (first column) and their primary group (fourth column) from the /etc/passwd file? * A. fmt -f 1,4 /etc/passwd * B. split -c 1,4 /etc/passwd * C. cut -d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd * D. paste -f 1,4 /etc/passwd ### 63- Which of the following signals is sent to a process when the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard? * A. SIGTERM * B. SIGINT * C. SIGSTOP * D. SIGKILL ### 64- What happens after issuing the command vi without any additional parameters? * A. vi starts and loads the last file used and moves the cursor to the position where vi was when it last exite- D. * B. vi starts and requires the user to explicitly either create a new or load an existing fil- E. * C. vi exits with an error message as it cannot be invoked without a file name to operate on. * D. vi starts in command mode and opens a new empty fil- E. * E. vi starts and opens a new file which is filled with the content of the vi buffer if the buffer contains text. ### 65- Which of the following command sets the Bash variable named TEST with the content FOO? * A. set TEST="FOO" * B. TEST = "FOO" * C. var TEST="FOO" * D. TEST="FOO" ### 66- Which variable defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands? * A. BASHEXEC * B. BASHRC * C. PATH * D. EXECPATH * E. PATHRC ### 67- Which of the following commands determines the type of a file by using a definition database file which contains information about all common file types? * A. magic * B. type * C. file * D. pmagic * E. hash ### 68- Which of the following commands can be used to search for the executable file foo when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH? * A. apropos * B. which * C. find * D. query * E. whereis ### 69- What does the command mount -a do? * A. It ensures that all file systems listed with the option noauto in /etc/fstab are mounte- D. * B. It shows all mounted file systems that have been automatically mounte- D. * C. It opens an editor with root privileges and loads /etc/fstab for editing. * D. It ensures that all file systems listed with the option auto in /etc/fstab are mounte- D. * E. It ensures that all file systems listed in /etc/fstab are mounted regardless of their options. ### ANSWERS: 60 Correct Answer: C 61 Correct Answer: D 62 Correct Answer: C 63 Correct Answer: B 64 Correct Answer: D 65 Correct Answer: D 66 Correct Answer: C 67 Correct Answer: C 68 Correct Answer: C 69 Correct Answer: D ### 70- Which of the following settings for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r----- ? * A. 0017 * B. 0640 * C. 0038 * D. 0027 ### 71- Which of the following is the device file name for the second partition on the only SCSI drive? * A. /dev/hda1 * B. /dev/sda2 * C. /dev/sd0a2 * D. /dev/sd1p2 ### 72- In order to display all currently mounted filesystems, which of the following commands could be used? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. cat /proc/self/mounts * B. free * C. mount * D. lsmounts * E. cat /proc/filesystems ### 73- Which of the following commands can be used to locate programs and their corresponding man pages and configuration files? * A. dirname * B. which * C. basename * D. query * E. whereis ### 74- Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting? * A. tune2fs -d 200 /dev/sda1 * B. tune2fs -c 200 /dev/sda1 * C. tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1 * D. tune2fs -n 200 /dev/sda1 * E. tune2fs --days 200 /dev/sda1 ### 75- Which type of filesystem is created by mkfs when it is executed with the block device name only and without any additional parameters? * A. ext2 * B. ext3 * C. ext4 * D. XFS * E. VFAT ### 76- How many fields are in a syntactically correct line of /etc/fstab? * A. 3 * B. 4 * C. 5 * D. 6 * E. 7 ### 77- SIMULATION Which command is used to create and initialize the files used to store quota information? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.) ### 78- Which of the following file permissions belong to a symbolic link? * A. -rwxrwxrwx * B. +rwxrwxrwx * C. lrwxrwxrwx * D. srwxrwxrwx ### 79- Creating a hard link to an ordinary file returns an error. What could be the reason for this? * A. The source file is hidden. * B. The source file is read-only. * C. The source file is a shell script. * D. The source file is already a hard link. * E. The source and the target are on different filesystems. ### 80- Which of the following commands creates an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sdb1? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. /sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1 * B. /sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 * C. /sbin/mkfs -c ext3 /dev/sdb1 * D. /sbin/mke3fs -j /dev/sdb1 ### 81- Which of the following commands will change the quota for a specific user? * A. edquota * B. repquota * C. quota -e * D. quota ### 82- Which utility would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem? * A. mod2fs * B. fsck * C. tune2fs * D. mke2fs * E. fixe2fs ### 83- Which of the following Linux filesystems preallocates a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/ creation time and does NOT generate them as needed? (Choose TWO correct answers.) * A. ext3 * B. JFS * C. ext2 * D. XFS * E. procfs ### 84- What is the purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard? * A. It is a security model used to ensure files are organized according to their permissions and accessibility. * B. It provides unified tools to create, maintain and manage multiple filesystems in a common way. * C. It defines a common internal structure of inodes for all compliant filesystems. * D. It is a distribution neutral description of locations of files and directories. ### 85- SIMULATION Which umask value will result in the default access permissions of 600 (rw-------) for files and 700 (rwx------) for directories? (Specify only the numerical umask valu- E.) ### ANSWERS: 70 Correct Answer: D 71 Correct Answer: B 72 Correct Answer: AC 73 Correct Answer: E 74 Correct Answer: C 75 Correct Answer: A 76 Correct Answer: D 77 Correct Answer: quotacheck 78 Correct Answer: C 79 Correct Answer: E 80 Correct Answer: AB 81 Correct Answer: A 82 Correct Answer: C 83 Correct Answer: AC 84 Correct Answer: D 85 Correct Answer: 0077, 077