Linux-Cli-Tutorial(by Saman Khalife)
  • Characters
  • Linux Commands
  • Quick review for commands
  • Config file parameters you can use
  • .github
    • ISSUE_TEMPLATE
      • bug_report
  • Editors-for-command-line
  • TOOLs and APPs
    • Iptables
    • Ufw
      • man
  • Git Commands
  • Installing tools and apps
    • Check-used-ports
    • Clear the cache memory in Linux
    • ulimit
    • ulimit
    • Installing WordPress with Apache
    • Installing WordPress with Nginx
    • what packages are installed by apt
    • wildcard characters for globbing
  • Lpic 1
    • LPIC-1 Exam 101 (101-500) Exam
    • LPIC-1 Exam 101 Objectives
    • how to use lvm snapshots
    • LPIC-1 Exam 102 Objectives
  • Lpic 2
    • how to use lvm
    • LPIC-2 Exam 201 Objectives
    • LPIC-1 Exam 102 (102-500) Exam
    • LPIC-2 Exam 202 Objectives
  • Lpic 3
    • LPIC-2 Exam 201 (201-450) Exam
    • LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters 306 Objectives
    • LPIC-2 Exam 202 (202-450) Exam
    • LPIC-3 Mixed Environments 300 Objectives.md
    • LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters 306 Exam
    • LPIC-3 Security Exam 303 Objectives
    • LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters 306 Objectives
    • LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization 305 Objectives
  • TXT FILES
    • accept
    • accton
    • aclocal
    • acpi
    • acpid
    • addr2line
    • addresses
    • agetty
    • alias
    • alsactl
    • amidi
    • amixer
    • anacron
    • apachetop
    • aplay
    • aplaymidi
    • apm
    • apmd
    • apropos
    • apt-get
    • apt
    • aptitude
    • ar
    • arecord
    • arecordmidi
    • arp
    • aspell
    • at
    • atd
    • atop
    • aumix
    • autoconf
    • autoheader
    • automake
    • autoreconf
    • autoscan
    • badblocks
    • banner
    • basename
    • batch
    • bc
    • bg
    • biff
    • bind
    • bison
    • break
    • builtin
    • bzcmp
    • bzdiff
    • bzgrep
    • bzip2
    • cal
    • cardctl
    • cardmgr
    • case
    • cat
    • cc
    • ccrypt
    • cd
    • cdparanoia
    • cfdisk
    • chage
    • chdir
    • chfn
    • chgrp
    • chkconfig
    • chmod
    • chown
    • chpasswd
    • chroot
    • chrt
    • chsh
    • chvt
    • cksum
    • clorm
    • cloumn
    • cmp
    • comm
    • compress
    • continue
    • cp
    • cpio
    • cron
    • crond
    • crontab
    • csplit
    • ctags
    • cupsd
    • curl
    • cut
    • cvs
    • date
    • dd
    • ddrescue
    • debugfs
    • declare
    • depmod
    • devdump
    • df
    • diff
    • dig
    • dircolors
    • dirname
    • disable
    • dlpsh
    • dmesg
    • dmidecode
    • dnsdomainname
    • dnssec-makekeyset
    • dnssec-signkey
    • dnssec-signzone
    • dnssec
    • doexec
    • domainname
    • dosfsck
    • dstat
    • du
    • dump
    • dumpe2fs.
    • dumpkeys
    • e2fsck
    • e2image
    • e2label
    • echo
    • ed
    • edquota
    • eject
    • elvtune
    • emacs
    • enable
    • env
    • envsubst
    • esd-config
    • esd
    • esdcat
    • esdctl
    • esddsp
    • esdmon
    • esdplay
    • esdrec
    • esdsample
    • etags
    • ethtool
    • eval
    • ex
    • exec
    • exit
    • expand
    • expect
    • export
    • expr
    • factor
    • false
    • fc-cache
    • fc-list
    • fc
    • fdformat
    • fdisk
    • fg
    • fgrep
    • file
    • find
    • finger
    • flex
    • fmt
    • fold
    • for
    • formail
    • format
    • free
    • fsck
    • ftpd
    • function
    • g++
    • gawk
    • gdb
    • getent
    • getkeycodes
    • getopts
    • goaccess
    • gorupmod
    • gpasswd
    • gpgsplit
    • gpgv
    • gpm
    • gprof
    • grep
    • groff
    • groffer
    • groupadd
    • groupdel
    • groups
    • grpck
    • grpconv
    • gs
    • gunzip
    • gzexe
    • gzip
    • halt
    • hash
    • hdparm
    • head
    • help
    • hexdump
    • history
    • host
    • hostid
    • hostname
    • hostnamectl
    • htdigest
    • htop
    • hwclock
    • iconv
    • id
    • if
    • ifconfig
    • iftop
    • ifup
    • import
    • inetd
    • info
    • init
    • insmod
    • install
    • iostat
    • iotop
    • ip
    • ipcrm
    • ipcs
    • iptables-restore
    • iptables
    • isodump
    • isoinfo
    • isosize
    • isovfy
    • ispell
    • iwconfig
    • jnettop
    • jobs
    • join
    • journalctl
    • kbdrate
    • kill
    • killall
    • klogd
    • kudzu
    • last
    • lastlog
    • ld
    • ldconfig
    • ldd
    • less
    • lesskey
    • let
    • lftp
    • lftpget
    • link
    • ln
    • loadkeys
    • local
    • locate
    • lockfile
    • logger
    • login
    • logout
    • logrotate
    • logwatch
    • look
    • losetup
    • lpadmin
    • lpc
    • lpinfo
    • lpmove
    • lpq
    • lpr
    • lprint
    • lprintq
    • lprm
    • lpstat
    • ls
    • lsatb
    • lsattr
    • lsblk
    • lshw
    • lsmod
    • lsof
    • lspci
    • lsusb
    • mail
    • mailstats
    • make
    • makedbm
    • makemap
    • man
    • manpath
    • mattrib
    • mbadblocks
    • mcat
    • mcd
    • mcopy
    • mdu
    • merge
    • mesg
    • mformat
    • mkdir
    • mkfs
    • mkraid
    • mktemp
    • mlabel
    • mmove
    • modinfo
    • LPIC-3 Mixed Environments 300 Exam
    • most
    • mount
    • mountd
    • mpartition
    • mpstat
    • mv
    • named
    • nameif
    • neofetch
    • netcat
    • netstat
    • newaliases
    • newgrp
    • newusers
    • nfsstat
    • nice
    • nl
    • nm
    • nmcli
    • nohup
    • nslookup
    • nsupdate
    • objcopy
    • objdump
    • od
    • op
    • open
    • openvt
    • passwd
    • paste
    • patch
    • pathchk
    • pgrep
    • pidof
    • ping
    • pkill
    • pmap
    • popd
    • portmap
    • poweroff
    • pppd
    • pr
    • praliases
    • printcap
    • printenv
    • printf
    • ps
    • ptx
    • pushd
    • pv
    • pwck
    • pwconv
    • pwd
    • quota
    • quotacheck
    • quotactl
    • quotaoff
    • quotaon
    • quotastats
    • raidstart
    • ram
    • ramsize
    • ranlib
    • rar
    • rarpd
    • rcp
    • rdev
    • rdist
    • read
    • readarray
    • readcd
    • readelf
    • readlink
    • readonly
    • reboot
    • reject
    • rename
    • renice
    • repquota
    • reset
    • restore
    • return
    • rev
    • rexecd
    • rlogin
    • rlogind
    • rm
    • rmail
    • rmdir
    • rmmod
    • rndc
    • rootflags
    • route
    • routed
    • rpcgen
    • rpcinfo
    • rpm
    • rsh
    • rshd
    • rsync
    • runlevel
    • rup
    • rusers
    • rusersd
    • rwall
    • rwho
    • rwhod
    • sane-find-scanner
    • sar
    • scanadf
    • scanimage
    • scp
    • screen
    • script
    • scriptreplay
    • sdiff
    • sed
    • select
    • sensors
    • seq
    • service
    • set
    • setfdprm
    • setkeycodes
    • setleds
    • setmetamode
    • setquota
    • setsid
    • setterm
    • sftp
    • sh
    • shift
    • shopt
    • showkey
    • showmount
    • shred
    • shutdown
    • skill
    • slabtop
    • slacttach
    • sleep
    • slocate
    • snice
    • sort
    • source
    • split
    • ss
    • ssh-add
    • ssh-agent
    • ssh-keygen
    • ssh-keyscan
    • ssh
    • stat
    • statd
    • strfile
    • strings
    • strip
    • stty
    • su
    • sudo
    • sum
    • suspend
    • swapoff
    • swapon
    • symlink
    • sysctl
    • sysklogd
    • syslogd
    • systemctl
    • Systemd
    • tac
    • tail
    • tailf
    • talkd
    • tar
    • taskset
    • tcpdump
    • tcpslice
    • tee
    • telinit
    • telnet
    • terminator
    • tfdp
    • tftpd
    • tmpwatch
    • top
    • touch
    • tput
    • tr
    • tracepath
    • traceroute
    • trap
    • tree
    • tset
    • tty
    • tune2fs
    • tunelp
    • type
    • ul
    • unalias
    • uname
    • uncompress
    • unexpand
    • unicode_start
    • unicode_stop
    • uniq
    • units
    • unix2dos
    • unshar
    • until
    • uptime
    • useradd
    • usermod
    • usleep
    • uudecode
    • uuencode
    • uuidgen
    • vidmode
    • vmstat
    • vnstat
    • w
    • wall
    • warnquota
    • watch
    • wc
    • wget
    • whatis
    • which
    • while
    • who
    • whoami
    • write
    • xargs
    • xdg-open
    • xinetd
    • xz
    • yacc
    • ypbind
    • ypcat
    • ypinit
    • ypmatch
    • yppasswd
    • yppasswdd
    • yppoll
    • yppush
    • ypset
    • yptest
    • ypwhich
    • ypxfr
    • zcat
    • zcmp
    • zdiff
    • zdump
    • zforce
    • zgrep
    • zic
    • zip
    • zless
    • znew
    • readme
      • Some basic info about Cloud Computing model and SRE's
      • Ansible Automation
      • Backup and Recovery
      • Linux File Systems and Storage Management
      • Linux Networking
      • shell-scripting
      • LPIC-3 Mixed Environments 300 Objectives
    • File-systems-Cocepts
      • LPIC1-101
        • LPIC-3 Security Exam 303 Exam
        • /dev/
        • /etc/apt/sources.list
        • /etc/fstab
        • /etc/init.d/
        • LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization 305 Exam
        • /etc/ld.so.conf
        • /etc/systemd
        • /etc/yum.conf
        • /etc/yum.repos.d/
        • LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization 305 Objectives
        • /media
        • /proc/
        • modprobe
        • /sys/
        • /usr/lib/systemd/user/
        • -boot
        • .bash_history
        • Application container
        • BIOS
        • D-Bus machine ID
        • EFI System Partition
        • Guest drivers
        • LD_LIBRARY_PATH
        • Linux containers
        • MBR
        • Quoting
        • SSH host keys
        • SysVinit
        • UEFI
        • VFAT
        • VMs
        • XFS
        • -etc-inittab
        • -home
        • bootloader
        • -root
        • -var
        • dpkg-reconfigure
        • apt-cache
        • bash
        • exFAT
        • ext2/ext3/ext4
        • bunzip2
        • bzcat
        • dpkg
        • Grub-install
        • grub-mkconfig
        • initramfs
        • kernel
        • egrep
        • file globbing
        • filesystem
        • gdisk
        • menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
        • Partitions
        • regex(7)
        • rpm2cpio
        • sha256sum
        • sha512sum
        • mke2fs
        • mkswap
        • mount points
        • parted
        • swap space
        • tmux
        • umask
        • umount
        • unset
        • unxz
        • updatedb
        • whereis
        • xfs_db
        • xfs_fsr
        • xfs_repair - Copy (2)
      • LPIC1-102
        • xfs_repair
        • xzcat
        • yum
        • zypper
        • -etc-X11-xorg.conf
        • -etc-X11-xrog.conf.d
        • -etc-at.allow
        • -etc-at.deny
        • -etc-bash.bashrc
        • -etc-chrony.conf
        • -etc-cron.allow
        • -etc-cron.deny
        • -etc-cron
        • -etc-crontab
        • -etc-cups
        • -etc-group
        • -etc-hostname
        • -etc-hosts.allow
        • -etc-hosts.deny
        • -etc-hosts
        • -etc-init.d-
        • -etc-inittab
        • -etc-localhost
        • -etc-localtime
        • -etc-logrotate.conf
        • -etc-logrotate.d-
        • -etc-nologin
        • -etc-nsswitches.conf
        • -etc-nto.conf
        • -etc-ntp.conf
        • -etc-passwd
        • -etc-profile
        • -etc-resolv.conf
        • -etc-rsyslog.conf
        • -etc-services
        • -etc-shadow
        • -etc-skel-
        • -etc-ssh-ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
        • -etc-ssh-ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
        • -etc-ssh-ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
        • -etc-ssh-ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
        • -etc-sudoers
        • -etc-systemd-journald.conf
        • -etc-timezone
        • -etc-updatedb.conf
        • -etc-xinetd.conf
        • -etc-xinetd.d-
        • -usr-bin-locale
        • -usr-share-zoneinfo
        • -usr-share-zoninfo
        • -var-log-journal
        • -var-log
        • DISPLAY
        • -var-spool-cron
        • ASCII
        • Gnome
        • Braille Display.
        • CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
        • Gesture
        • KDE
        • Gestures.
        • High ContrastLarge Print Desktop Themes.
        • IPv4-IPv6
        • ISO-8859
        • LANG
        • LC_
        • LC_ALL
        • Logical OR
        • Mouse keys
        • On-Screen Keyboard.
        • RDP
        • Screen Magnifier.
        • Screen Reader
        • Slow-Bounce-Toggle keys
        • Spice
        • Sticky-Repeat keys
        • Subnetting
        • TCP-UDP-ICMP
        • TZ
        • X
        • UTF-8
        • XDMCP
        • Xfce
        • Unicode
        • VNC
        • Voice recognition
        • X11
        • atq
        • atrm
        • chronyc
        • exim
        • fuser
        • gpg-agent
        • gpg
        • groupmod
        • ifdown
        • logic and
        • logic or
        • lpd legacy interface
        • mailq
        • nmap
        • ntpd
        • ntpdate
        • ping6
        • pool.ntp.org
        • postfix
        • sendmail emulation layer commands
        • sendmail
        • ssh_known_hosts
        • systemd-cat
        • systemd-run
        • systemd.socket
        • test
        • timedatectl
        • tracepath6
        • traceroute6
        • tzselect
        • xauth
        • ulimit
        • unset
        • userdel
        • who, w, last
        • xhost
        • ~-.bash_login
        • ~-.bash_logout
        • ~-.bash_profile
        • ~-.bashrc
        • ~-.forward
        • ~-.gnupg-
        • ~-.profile
        • ~-.ssh-authorized_keys
        • ~-.ssh-id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
      • LPIC2-201
        • /bin/dmesg
        • /bin/uname
        • Device Naming Conventions
        • /dev/mapper/
        • /etc/auto.[dir]
        • /etc/auto.master
        • ~-.ssh-id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
        • /etc/hostname and /etc/HOSTNAME
        • /etc/hosts.allow , /etc/hosts.deny
        • /etc/hosts
        • /etc/init.d/
        • /etc/inittab
        • /etc/mtab
        • /etc/network and /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
        • /etc/rc.d/
        • /etc/resolv.conf
        • /etc/sysctl.conf
        • /etc/systemd/
        • /etc/udev/
        • /proc/mdstat
        • ~-.ssh-id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
        • /proc/sys/kernel/
        • /run/systemd/
        • /sbin/depmod
        • /sbin/insmod
        • /sbin/lsmod
        • /sbin/lspci
        • lv
        • /sbin/modinfo
        • /sbin/modprobe
        • pv
        • /sbin/rmmod
        • ~-.ssh-id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
        • LVM Volume Group (vg)
        • /usr/bin/lsdev
        • /usr/bin/lsusb
        • /usr/src
        • EFI System Partition (ESP)
        • GRUB
        • Master boot record
        • ~-.xsesion-errors
        • /boot , /boot/grub , /boot/efi
        • UEFI shell
        • WWID, WWN, LUN numbers
        • blkid
        • blocks in
        • blocks out
        • btrfs, btrfs-convert
        • bzImage
        • -etc-fstab
        • configure
        • cryptsetup
        • diagnose
        • dkms
        • efiboot.img
        • efibootmgr
        • Extlinux
        • fsck
        • -proc-mounts
        • fstrim Command
        • grub-install
        • -sbin-sysctl
        • System log files such as -var-log-syslog, -var-log-messages and the systemd journal
        • initrd and initramfs
        • SysV Init Overview
        • iSCSI Components
        • isohdpfx.bin
        • ISOLINUX
        • chkconfig
        • iw
        • iwlist
        • lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
        • fsck
        • lvm.conf
        • make targets
        • mdadm.conf
        • mdadm
        • mkfs
        • mkinitramfs
        • mkinitrd
        • mkisofs
        • mkswap
        • /etc/modprobe.d/
        • module tools
        • mount and umount
        • hdparm, sdparm
        • mtr (My Traceroute)
        • Netcat(nc)
        • Nmap
        • NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express)
        • partition type 0xFD
        • ping , ping6
        • predict growth
        • processes blocked on IO
        • pxelinux.0
        • pxelinux.cfg/
        • resource exhaustion
        • smartd, smartctl
        • init and telinit
        • isolinux.cfg
        • sync
        • sysctl
        • syslinux
        • lib-modules-kernel-version
        • systemd-delta
        • mount
        • swapoff
        • tune2fs
        • udevadm monitor
        • udevmonitor
        • uefi-grubx64.efi
        • uefi-shim.efi
        • update-rc.d
        • /usr/lib/systemd/
        • usr-src-linux-.config
        • /usr/src/linux
        • /usr/src/linux/Documentation/
        • Xfs_info, Xfs_check, Xfs_repair, Xfsdump and Xfsrestore
        • XZ
        • zImage
      • LPIC2-202
        • /etc/aliases
        • /etc/dovecot
        • /etc/exports
        • /etc/fstab
        • named.conf
        • /etc/nginx
        • /etc/openvpn
        • /etc/passwd
        • /etc/postfix/
        • /etc/samba/
        • /etc/services
        • /etc/ssh/sshd_config
        • /etc/ssh
        • -etc-ssl-, -etc-pki-
        • /proc/mounts
        • /proc/sys/net/ipv4/
        • /proc/sys/net/ipv6/
        • /etc/samba/
        • /var/named/
        • swapon
        • systemctl
        • .htaccess Files
        • Apache2 configuration files
        • AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile
        • Conditions and comparison operators
        • Configuration files and commands for postfix
        • DHCP Log Messages in Syslog or Systemd Journal
        • DNSSEC
        • traceroute, traceroute6
        • LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format)
        • PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol
        • Private and public key files
        • SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath
        • SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile
        • SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable
        • Access Logs:
        • ACL
        • apachectl, apache2ctl
        • tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs
        • dhcpd.conf
        • dhcpd.leases
        • dhcpd
        • dnssec-keygen
        • dnssec-signzone
        • doveadm
        • doveconf
        • dovecot.conf
        • /etc/pam.d
        • exportfs
        • Fail2ban
        • htpasswd
        • http_access
        • httpd, apache2
        • httpd.conf
        • Important Pure-FTPd command line options
        • ip6tables
        • -var-named
        • ldapadd
        • ldapdelete
        • ldappasswd
        • ldapsearch
        • -var-spool-postfix
        • Mail-related logs in /var/log/
        • Master File Format in DNS
        • mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat
        • mount.cifs
        • named-checkconf
        • named-checkzone
        • named-compilezone
        • net
        • Dovecot vacation extension
        • nsswitch.conf
        • OpenSSL
        • OpenVPN
        • pam.conf
        • pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss
        • portmapper
        • radvd.conf
        • radvd
        • Resource Record Formats
        • rpcinfo
        • samba-tool
        • Sendmail emulation layer commands
        • slapadd
        • slapcat
        • slapd-config
        • arp
        • keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop
        • smbclient
        • Additional Samba Commands: smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
        • SMB Daemons: smbd, nmbd, winbindd
        • squid.conf
        • sshd
        • sssd.conf
        • loglevel
        • vsftpd.conf
        • zone file syntax
      • LPIC3-300
        • IPC$
        • [homes]
        • tunefs.ocfs2
        • vgchange
        • vgcreate
        • HKLM\Software\Samba
        • LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format)
        • Microsoft-ADSI-Edit
        • Microsoft-LDP
        • microsoft mmc
        • Microsoft RSAT Tools
        • Microsoft Regedit
        • REG_SZ and REG_MULTI_SZ
        • SeDiskOperatorPrivilege
        • vgdisplay
        • Virtual Machine Generation Identifier
        • Virtual Machine Snapshots
        • allow-dns-updates
        • vgreduce
        • vgreduce
        • vgreduce
        • chmod
        • chown
        • cifscreds
        • cifsiostat
        • config backend
        • vgreduce
        • create-mask and create-mode
        • ifenslave
        • log level (or debuglevel) in Samba
        • delete veto files
        • dig
        • Directory Mask and Force Directory Mode
        • dns-forwarder
        • /etc/exports
        • /etc/fstab
        • /etc/group
        • /etc/idmapd.conf
        • ip
        • /etc/nsswitch.conf
        • /etc/pam.conf
        • /etc/pam.d/
        • /etc/group
        • /etc/resolv.conf
        • exportfs
        • ipvsadm
        • force-create-mode
        • force-directory-mode
        • force group
        • force-user
        • getcifsacl
        • getent
        • getfacl
        • getfattr
        • gpupdate
        • keepalived-configuration-file
        • kpartx
        • ldirectord-configuration-file
        • loadbalancing-algorithms
        • lvchange
        • lvconvert
        • host
        • lvcreate
        • lvdisplay
        • idmap-config
        • idmap_ad
        • lvextend
        • idmap_ldap
        • idmap_rfc2307
        • idmap_rid
        • idmap_tdb
        • idmap_tdb2
        • include
        • inherit-acls
        • lvreduce
        • FreeIPA (IPA)
        • ipa
        • ipa
        • IPA
        • ipa-adtrust-install
        • ipa-advice
        • ipa-client-install
        • ipa-replica-install
        • ipa-replica-prepare
        • ipa-server-install
        • ipactl
        • ipctl
        • kdestroy
        • kinit
        • klist
        • krb5.conf
        • lvresize
        • ldbadd
        • ldbdel
        • ldbedit
        • ldbmodify
        • ldbsearch
        • libnss_winbind
        • libpam_winbind
        • mdadm
        • log level (or debuglevel) in Samba
        • logon-path
        • logon-script
        • map-acl-inherit
        • mount
        • mount.cifs
        • mount Command
        • mkfs.gfs2
        • mkfs.ocfs2
        • multicast dns register
        • net
        • monit
        • net ads
        • net registry
        • nfs4_editfacl
        • nfs4_getfacl
        • nfs4_setfacl
        • nmbd (NetBIOS Name Service Daemon)
        • ntpd.conf
        • ntpsigndsocket
        • mount.gfs2
        • mount.ocfs2
        • mounted.ocfs2
        • multipath
        • nmcli
        • pam_mount.conf.xml
        • pam_mount.so
        • pam_smbpass.so
        • nvme-cli
        • passdb-backend
        • o2image
        • pdbedit
        • o2info
        • ocfpacemakerHealthCPU
        • ocfpacemakerHealthSMART
        • profile-acls
        • rdesktop
        • ocfpacemakerNodeUtilization
        • realm
        • Registry shares
        • registry.tdb in Samba
        • robocopy
        • ocfpacemakerocfSysInfo
        • rpcclient
        • rsync.conf
        • rsync
        • samba regedit
        • samba-tool dbcheck
        • samba-tool dns
        • ocfpacemakerping
        • samba-tool domain backup
        • samba-tool domain backup
        • samba-tool domain exportkeytab
        • samba-tool domain passwordsettings
        • pcs
        • pvcreate
        • samba-tool gpo
        • samba-tool group
        • samba-tool ntacl
        • pvdisplay
        • samba-tool spn
        • samba-tool user
        • Samba
        • samba_dnsupdate
        • secrets.tdb in Samba
        • security
        • server role
        • server services
        • server string
        • setcifsacl
        • setfacl
        • sharesec
        • smb-encrypt
        • smb.conf
        • smbcacls
        • smbclient
        • smbcontrol
        • smbcquotas
        • smbd (Samba Daemon)
        • smbget
        • smbpasswd
        • pvmove
        • smbstatus
        • smbtar
        • pvremove
        • pvresize
        • sss_cache
        • sss_debuglevel
        • sss_override
        • sss_user and sss_group
        • sssd.conf
        • rados-(including-relevant-subcommands)
        • store-dos-attributes
        • systemctl
        • tdbbackup
        • tdbdump
        • tdbrestore
        • tdbtool
        • template-homedir
        • template-shell
        • testparm
        • tls-cafile
        • tls-certfile
        • tls-dh-params-file
        • tls-enabled
        • tls-keyfile
        • rdb(including-relevant-subcommands)
        • /var/lib/samba/sysvol/
        • /var/lib/sss/db
        • /var/log/samba/
        • sbd
        • smartctl
        • vfs objects
        • vfs_acl_tdb
        • vfs_acl_xattr
        • wbinfo
        • winbind-enumerate-groups
        • smartd
        • winbind-offline-logon
        • winbind-separator
        • winbindd
        • workgroup
        • stonith
        • stonith_admin
      • LPIC3-303
        • /etc/aide/aide.conf
        • /etc/crypttab
        • /etc/openvas/
        • /etc/openvpn/
        • /etc/raddb/
        • /etc/rkhunter.conf
        • /etc/security/limits.conf
        • /etc/selinux/
        • /etc/snort
        • /etc/ssh/sshd_config
        • /etc/ssh
        • /etc/strongswan.conf
        • /etc/strongswan.d/.
        • /etc/swanctl/
        • /etc/swanctl/swanctl.conf
        • /etc/sysctl.conf
        • /etc/usbguard/rules.conf
        • /etc/usbguard/usbguard-daemon.conf
        • /etc/wireguard/
        • /proc/cgroups
        • nginx
        • slapd
        • ARP and NDP
        • Brute force attacks
        • Buffer overflows
        • CRL (Certificate Revocation List)
        • CSR (Certificate Signing Request)
        • CSRF
        • XSS
        • DoS and DDoS
        • keylogger
        • Link layer address and IP address spoofing
        • Man-in-the-Middle
        • OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)
        • OpenSSL Configuration
        • PEM, DER, PKCS
        • Phishing
        • Privilege escalation
        • Rainbow tables
        • Rogue access points, routers, and DHCP servers
        • Rootkits
        • SQL and codes injection
        • Social engineering
        • slapindex
        • varlibldap
        • aide
        • apol
        • audit.rules
        • audit2allow
        • audit2why
        • auditctl
        • auditd.conf
        • auditd
        • ausearch, aureport
        • -sys-fs-group-
        • capsh
        • chcon
        • chkrootkit
        • chroot
        • conf.maldet
        • cryptmount
        • cryptsetup (Disk Encryption Setup)
        • delv
        • dnssec-dsfromkey
        • -sys-fs-group
        • dnssec-settime
        • Trojans
        • dpkg
        • ecryptfs- commands
        • ecryptfsd
        • fixfiles
        • getcap
        • getenforce
        • getfacl
        • getfattr
        • getsebool
        • grub.cfg
        • httpd.conf (Apache HTTP Server Configuration)
        • ip6tables-restore
        • ip6tables-save
        • ip6tables
        • ipset
        • iptables-save
        • iptables
        • Kismet
        • Linux Malware Detect (maldet)
        • mod_ssl (Apache SSL Module)
        • mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
        • named.conf
        • ndpmon
        • newrole
        • ntop
        • openssl
        • openvas-adduser
        • openvas-feed-update
        • openvas-mkcert
        • openvas-nvt-sync
        • openvas-rmuser
        • openvassd
        • OpenVPN
        • pam_ecryptfs
        • pam_limits.so
        • pam_tty_audit.so
        • pulledpork.pl
        • radclient
        • radiusd.conf
        • radiusd
        • Viruses
        • radmin
        • radtest
        • radwho
        • restorecon
        • rkhunter
        • rndc
        • c
        • seaudit
        • seinfo
        • selinuxenabled
        • semanage
        • sestatus
        • setcap
        • setcon
        • setenforce
        • setfacl
        • setfattr
        • setfiles
        • setsebool
        • snort-stat
        • snort
        • ssh-keygen
        • swanctl
        • sysctl
        • systemctl
        • systemd-cgls
        • systemd-cgtop
        • Tcpdump
        • togglesebool
        • tshark
        • dnssec-keygen
        • usbguard
        • wg-quick
        • wg
        • wireshark
        • ~/.ssh/
      • LPIC3-305
        • -dev-kvm-
        • /etc/docker/daemon.json
        • /etc/libvirt — Libvirt Configuration Directory
        • -proc -[0-9]+-status
        • -proc-[0-9]+-ns
        • -sys-fs-cgroups
        • /var/lib/cloud
        • /var/lib/docker
        • CPU-flags
        • Dockerfile
        • Domain0(Dom0),DomainU (DomU)
        • Emulation and Simulation
        • Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM)
        • IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
        • Kernel-modules-kvm,kvm-intel.and.kvm-amd
        • Migration (P2V, V2V)
        • OpenStack
        • PV-DomU,HVM-DomU
        • Paravirtualization (PV)
        • QEMU Monitor
        • Terraform
        • Vagrantfile
        • brctl — Bridge Control Utility
        • capsh
        • cloud-init
        • syncd
        • dockerd
        • etc-xen-
        • guestumount — Virtual Disk Image Unmounting Tool
        • guestmount
        • guestumount
        • Hypervisor
        • ip(including-relevant-subcommands)
        • ip — Network Management Command
        • libvirtd — Libvirt Daemon (Legacy Central Virtualization Daemon)
        • LXC (Linux Containers)
        • LXD (Linux Container Daemon)
        • nsenter
        • Packer
        • tunefs.ocfs2
        • qemu-img — QEMU Disk Image Utility
        • vgchange
        • qemu — Quick Emulator
        • tunctl — TUN/TAP Device Control Utility
        • unshare
        • user-data
        • vagrant
        • virsh — Virtualization Shell for Managing VMs
        • virt-cat
        • virt-copy-in
        • virt-copy-out
        • virt-df
        • virt-diff
        • virt-filesystems
        • virt-inspector
        • virt-p2v-make-disk
        • virt-p2v
        • virt-rescue
        • virt-resize
        • virt-sparsify
        • virt-sysprep
        • virt-v2v
        • xentop
        • xl.cfg
        • xl.conf
        • xl
      • LPIC3-306
        • /etc/drbd.conf
        • /etc/drbd.d/
        • /etc/lvm/lvm.conf Configuration File
        • /etc/multipath.conf
        • /etc/network/interfaces
        • /etc/smartd.conf
        • /etc/sysconfig/networking-scripts/ifcfg-*
        • /etc/systemd/network/*.netdev
        • /etc/systemd/network/*.network
        • /proc/drbd
        • /proc/mdstat
        • /proc/sys/dev/raid
        • -sys-class-net-bond-bonding-miimon
        • -sys-class-net-bond-bonding-slaves
        • -sys-class-net-bonding_masters
        • Access Control Lists (ACLs)
        • Active-Active Cluster
        • vgcreate
        • Cluster Services
        • Disaster Recovery (DR)
        • Failover Cluster
        • Fencing (Node and Resource Level Fencing)
        • HAProxy Configuration File
        • LVS Forwarding Methods
        • Load-Balanced Cluster
        • Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF)
        • Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
        • Primary, Secondary
        • ProtocolA,BandC
        • Quorum
        • Redundancy
        • Replication
        • Service-Level Agreement (SLA)
        • Session-Handling
        • Shared-Disk Cluster
        • Shared-Nothing Cluster
        • Split-Brain
        • State-Handling
        • Three-way replication
        • active-passive-cluster
        • apctest
        • apcupsd
        • authkeys
        • bonding.ko
        • Ceph
        • ceph-authtool
        • ceph-bluestore-tool
        • ceph-deploy
        • ceph-volume
        • ceph.conf
        • CephFS
        • cibadmin
        • connection-scheduling-algorithms
        • corosync-cfgtool
        • corosync-cmapctl
        • corosync-quorumtool
        • corosync.conf
        • crm
        • crm_attribute
        • crm_mon
        • crm_node
        • crm_resource
        • crm_shadow
        • crm_simulate
        • crm_standby
        • crm_verify
        • crushtool
        • DRBD Kernel Module
        • drbdadm
        • drbdmeta
        • drbdsetup
        • vgdisplay
        • fsck.ocfs2
        • genhash
        • gfs2_edit
        • gfs2_grow
        • gfs2_jadd
        • gluster
        • ifenslave Command
        • ip Command
        • ipvsadm
        • iscsiadm
        • iscsid.conf
        • Keepalived Configuration File
        • kpartx
        • ldirectord Configuration File
        • loadbalancing-algorithms
        • vgreduce
        • lvconvert
        • lvcreate
        • lvdisplay
        • lvextend
        • lvreduce
        • lvresize
        • mdadm
        • mkfs.gfs2
        • mkfs.ocfs2
        • Monit
        • mount.gfs2
        • mount.ocfs2
        • mounted.ocfs2
        • multipath
        • nmcli
        • nvme-cli
        • o2image
        • o2info
        • ocf:pacemaker:HealthCPU
        • ocf:pacemaker:HealthSMART
        • ocf:pacemaker:NodeUtilization
        • ocf:pacemaker:ocfSysInfo
        • ocf:pacemaker:ping
        • pcs
        • pvcreate
        • pvdisplay
        • pvmove
        • pvremove
        • pvresize
        • rados
        • rbd
        • authkey
        • smartctl
        • smartd
        • bonding.ko-(including-relevant-module-options)
        • stonith
        • stonith_admin
        • syncd
        • targets.conf
        • tgtadm
        • tunefs.ocfs2
        • vgchange
        • vgcreate
        • vgdisplay
        • vgreduce
  • Security attacks full list
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On this page
  • Topic 207: Domain Name Server
  • 207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (Weight:3)
  • 207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (Weight:3)
  • 207.3 Securing a DNS server (Weight:2)
  • Topic 208: HTTP Services
  • 208.1 Basic Apache configuration (Weight:4)
  • 208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (Weight:3)
  • 208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (Weight:2)
  • 208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (Weight:2)
  • Topic 209: File Sharing
  • 209.1 Samba Server Configuration (Weight:) 5
  • 209.2 NFS Server Configuration (Weight:3)
  • Topic 210: Network Client Management
  • 210.1 DHCP configuration (Weight:2)
  • 210.2 PAM authentication (Weight:3)
  • 210.3 LDAP client usage (Weight:) 2
  • 210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (Weight:4)
  • Topic 211: E-Mail Services
  • 211.1 Using e-mail servers (Weight:4)
  • 211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (Weight:2)
  • 211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (Weight:2)
  • Topic 212: System Security
  • 212.1 Configuring a router (Weight:3)
  • 212.2 Managing FTP servers (Weight:2)
  • 212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (Weight:4)
  • 212.4 Security tasks (Weight:3)
  • 212.5 OpenVPN (Weight:2)
  1. Lpic 2

LPIC-2 Exam 202 Objectives

PreviousLPIC-1 Exam 102 (102-500) ExamNextLpic 3

Last updated 6 months ago

Topic 207: Domain Name Server

207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as an authoritative and as a recursive, caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files Reloading modified configuration and zone files Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities Utilities to request information from the DNS server Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

207.3 Securing a DNS server (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

BIND 9 configuration files Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG) Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools Awareness of DANE and related records The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Topic 208: HTTP Services

208.1 Basic Apache configuration (Weight:4)

Description Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server’s load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customise file access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities Apache log files configuration and content Access restriction methods and files mod_perl and PHP configuration Client user authentication files and utilities Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses) Using redirect statements in Apache’s configuration files to customise file access The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

SSL configuration files, tools and utilities Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA Generate a self-signed Certificate Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities Access restriction methods Client user authentication methods Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Nginx Reverse Proxy Basic Web Server The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Topic 209: File Sharing

209.1 Samba Server Configuration (Weight:) 5

Description Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Samba 4 documentation Samba 4 configuration files Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons Mounting CIFS shares on Linux Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names User-Level, Share-Level and AD security The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

209.2 NFS Server Configuration (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

NFS version 3 configuration files NFS tools and utilities Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets Mount options on server and client TCP Wrappers Awareness of NFSv4 The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Topic 210: Network Client Management

210.1 DHCP configuration (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

210.2 PAM authentication (Weight:3)

Description The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.

Key Knowledge Areas:

PAM configuration files, terms and utilities passwd and shadow passwords Use sssd for LDAP authentication The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

210.3 LDAP client usage (Weight:) 2

Description Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

LDAP utilities for data management and queries Change user passwords Querying the LDAP directory The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (Weight:4)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenLDAP Directory based configuration Access Control Distinguished Names Changetype Operations Schemas and Whitepages Directories Object IDs, Attributes and Classes The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Topic 211: E-Mail Services

211.1 Using e-mail servers (Weight:4)

Description Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configuration files for postfix Basic TLS configuration for postfix Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol Awareness of sendmail and exim The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size Awareness of procmail The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot Awareness of Courier The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Topic 212: System Security

212.1 Configuring a router (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables. Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6) Port redirection and IP forwarding List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address Save and reload filtering configurations The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

212.2 Managing FTP servers (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd Awareness of ProFTPd Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (Weight:4)

Description Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

212.4 Security tasks (Weight:3)

Description Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS) Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

212.5 OpenVPN (Weight:2)

Description Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections.

Key Knowledge Areas:

OpenVPN The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/named.conf
/var/named/
rndc
named-checkconf
kill
host
dig
/var/named/
zone file syntax
resource record formats
named-checkzone
named-compilezone
masterfile-format
dig
nslookup
host
/etc/named.conf
/etc/passwd
DNSSEC
dnssec-keygen
dnssec-signzone
access logs and error logs
.htaccess
httpd.conf
mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat
htpasswd
AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile
apachectl, apache2ctl
httpd, apache2
Apache2 configuration files
/etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/
openssl, CA.pl
SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile
SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath
SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable
squid.conf
acl
http_access
/etc/nginx/
nginx
smbd, nmbd, winbindd
smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
samba-tool
net
smbclient
mount.cifs
/etc/samba/
/var/log/samba/
/etc/exports
exportfs
showmount
nfsstat
/proc/mounts
/etc/fstab
rpcinfo
mountd
portmapper
dhcpd.conf
dhcpd.leases
DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal
arp
dhcpd
radvd
radvd.conf
/etc/pam.d/
pam.conf
nsswitch.conf
pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss
sssd.conf
ldapsearch
ldappasswd
ldapadd
ldapdelete
slapd
slapd-config
LDIF
slapadd
slapcat
slapindex
/var/lib/ldap/
loglevel
Configuration files and commands for postfix
/etc/postfix/
/var/spool/postfix/
sendmail emulation layer commands
/etc/aliases
mail-related logs in /var/log/
Conditions and comparison operators
keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop
Dovecot vacation extension
/etc/dovecot/
dovecot.conf
doveconf
doveadm
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/
/proc/sys/net/ipv6/
/etc/services
iptables
ip6tables
vsftpd.conf
important Pure-FTPd command line options
ssh
sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/
Private and public key files
PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol
telnet
nmap
fail2ban
nc
iptables
/etc/openvpn/
openvpn